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The Perfect Essay
A．Looking back on too many years of education， I can identify one truly impossible teacher．Shecared about me， and my intellectual life， even when I didn"t．Her expectations were high——impossibly so．She was an English teacher．She was also my mother．
B．When good students turn in an essay， they dream of their instructor returning it to them in exactly the same condition， save for a single word added in the margin of the final page : "Flawless．" This dream came true for me one afternoon in the ninth grade．Of course， I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age， so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14．Obviously， I did what any professional writer would do; I hurried off to spread thegood news．I didn"t get very far．The first person I told was my mother．
C．My mother， who is just shy of five feet tall， is normally incredibly soft-spoken， but on the rareoccasion when she got angry， she was terrifying．I am not sure if she was more upset by my hubris（得意忘形） or by the fact that my English teacher had let my ego get so out of hand．In any event，my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be．At the time，I am sure she thought she was teaching me about mechanics， transitions （过渡）， structure， style. and voice．But what I learned， and what stuck with me through my time teaching writing at Harvard， was a deeper lesson about the nature of creative criticism．
D．First off， it hurts．Genuine criticism， the type that leaves a lasting mark on you as a writer， also leaves an existential imprint （印记） on you as a person．I have heard people say that a writer should never take criticism personally．I say that we should never listen to these people．
E．Criticism， at its best， is deeply personal， and gets to the heart of why we write the way we do．Theintimate nature of genuine criticism implies something about who is able to give it， namely，someone who knows you well enough to show you how your mental life is getting in the way of good writing．Conveniently， they are also the people who care enough to see you through this painful realization．For me it took the form. of my first， and I hope only， encounter with writer"sblock——I was not able to produce anything for three years．
F．Franz Kafka once said: "Writing is utter solitude （独处）， the descent into the cold abyss （深渊） of oneself．" My mother"s criticism had shown me that Kafka is right about the cold abyss， and when you make the introspective （内省的） descent that writing requires you are not always pleased by what you find．But， in the years that followed， her sustained tutoring suggested that Kafka might be wrong about the solitude．I was lucky enough to find a critic and teacher who was willing to make the journey of writing with me．"It is a thing of no great difficulty，" according to Plutarch， "to raise objections against another man"s speech， it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome．" I am sure I wrote essays in the later years of high school without my mother"s guidance， but I can"t recall them．What I remember， however， is how she took up the "extremely troublesome" work of ongoing criticism．
G．There are two ways to interpret Plutarch when he suggests that a critic should be able to produce "a better in its place．" In a straightforward sense， he could mean that a critic must be more talented than the artist she critiques （评论）．My mother was well covered on this count．But perhaps
Plutarch is suggesting something slightly different， something a bit closer to Marcus Cicero"s claim that one should "criticize by creation， not by finding fault．" Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms——a process that is often extremely painful，but also almost always meaningful．
H．My mother said she would help me with my writing， but first I had to help myself．For each assignment， I was to write the best essay I could．Real criticism is not meant to find obvious mistakes， so if she found any——the type I could have found on my own——I had to start from scratch．From scratch．Once the essay was "flawless，" she would take an evening to walk me through myerrors．That was when true criticism， the type that changed me as a person， began．
I．She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon （行话）．She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech．"Writers can"t bluff （虚张声势） their way through ignorance．" That was news to me——I would need to freed another way to structure my daily existence．
J．She trimmed back my flowery language， drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression．"John，" she almost whispered．I leaned in to hear her:"I can"thear you when you shout at me．" So I stopped shouting and bluffing， and slowly my writingimproved．
K．Somewhere along the way I set aside my hopes of writing that flawless essay．But perhaps I missed something important in my mother"s lessons about creativity and perfection．Perhaps the point of writing the flawless essay was not to give up， but to never willingly finish．Whitman repeatedly reworked "Song of Myself" between 1855 and 1891．Repeatedly．We do our absolute best with apiece of writing， and come as close as we can to the ideal．And， for the time being， we settle．Incritique， however， we are forced to depart， to give up the perfection we thought we had achieved for the chance of being even a little bit better．This is the lesson I took from my mother: If perfection were possible， it would not be motivating．
The author was advised against the improper use of figures of speech．
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1.Fish have many () teeth for () food.
A.noticeable, catching
B.visible, grasping
C.sharp, snatching
D.fine, catching
2.Which of the following statements about teeth is true？()
A.Elephants have three large tusks
B.Teeth of horses and cows are short and sharp
C.The first set of teeth of a person often begins to appear when he is about six years
D.Sea creatures were the first animals having teeth
3.The word “nibble” in the third paragraph bears the meaning of ().
A.eating with small repeated bits
B.showing slight interest in something
C.taking hold of with a sudden rough movement
D.crushing into small pieces or into powder
4.From this passage we can draw a conclusion that ().
A.all the teeth have the same function
B.animals don’t try to protect their teeth
C.teeth are important both for human and animals
D.we should care our teeth and often have them checked
5.It is a piece of writing about ().
A.botany
B.animals
C.popular science
D.dentistry
A、You are welcome.
B、Well, don’t worry about it. Writing is a bit difficult.
C、Sorry, I don't know.
D、That's a good idea.
In 1989,Melissa started Kids F.A.C.E.as an after-school club at her elementary school.The six-member group met each Monday to write letters and plan cleanup activities."We never thought it was anything more than a group of kids coming together so they could talk about the environment,"says Trish Poe,her mother.But then a letter from Milissa to the "Today" show got her club on television in 1990.When other kids heard about the club,they wrote asking how they could get involed.So Melissa,with the help of her mother,who today manages the Kids F.A.C.E.office as executive director,developed a membership book that instructed kids on environmental projects and how to start a club of their own."I felt like I had to write them all back at once because I didn't like what the president did to me.Because I didn't like being ignored...I didn't want the kids to have the same feeling,"says Melissa.Requests for information came from all over the nation.At first,Melissa's parents paid the postage and supply bills for the club,but soon expenses became too high.So the club found a sponsor,War-Mart Inc.,which began underwriting the bimonthly newsletter,Kids F.A.C.E.illustrated,which currently provides environmental updates,suggestions,and ideas to more than 2 million people world wide.
问题：How many people worldwide can have access to the club's bimonthly newsletter ___
A、1 million
B、2 million
C、3 million
D、4 million
More people wanted to join the club after________
A、a newspaper interview was made
B、enough letters were distributed
C、they heard about the club from a television show
D、Melissa became an executive director
When Melissa was starting the club,she was________
A、a school teacher working for the kids
B、a social worker taking care of children after school
C、the parent of a kid at school
D、a kid attending an elementary school
When Melissa first organized Kids F.A.C.E.,she meant to ()
A、have a writing club for the kids
B、ask the kids to clean the environment
C、give kids a chance to talk about the environment
D、have a national club
"What did you learn in that course？" I'd ask.
"Well, the main thing was learning how to face an audience ... not to be inhibited(拘谨 )... not to be nervous Exactly, when you take a course in public speaking nowadays, you don' t hear much about grammar and vocabulary. Instead, you' re taught how not to be afraid or embarrassed, how to speak without a prepared script, how to read out to the live audience before you. Public speaking is a matter of overcoming your long-standing nervous inhibitions.
The same is true of writing. The point of the whole thing is to overcome your nervous inhibitions, to break through the invisible barrier that separates you from the person who' ll read what you wrote. You must learn to sit in front of your typewriter or dictating machine and read out to the person at the other end of the line.
Of course, in public speaking, with the audience right in front of you, the problem is easier. You can look at them and talk to them directly. In writing, you' re alone. It needs an effort of your experience or imagination to take hold of that other person and talk to him or her. But that effort is necessary -- or at least it' s necessary until you've reached the point when you quite naturally and unconsciously "talk on paper.
1.In the opinion of the author, public speaking is much easier than writing because（）.
A、public speaking requires less effort than writing
B、it' s unnecessary for you to write a lot for speech and you can say anything as you like
C、you face the audience directly in public speaking; while writing is otherwise
D、in public speaking, the audience have to listen to you whether they like it or not
2.The topic of the passage is（）.
A、how to be a good writer
B、how to be a good speaker
C、how to express yourself with your words
D、how to get rid of nervousness in public speaking
3.The public speech course mainly teaches students（）.
A、how to make an attractive speech using perfect grammar and vocabulary
B、how to express themselves exactly and vividly
C、how to collect data needed and organize it
D、how to get over their nervousness when making a speech
4.The similarity between making a public speech and writing is that（）.
A、you have to do a lot of preparation work beforehand
B、you should get over your nervous inhibitions
C、you should know grammar and vocabulary well to accomplish them
D、both of them have audience
5.The author of this passage probably is a （）.
A、boss
B、politician
C、writer
D、professor
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found for me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn’t even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used typewriter and felt like a genuine writer.
After a year or so, however, I still hadn’t got a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for many years. I wasn’t going to be one of those people who died wondering. What if？ I would keep putting my dream to test (even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure). This is the shadow-land of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.
1.The passage is meant to() .
A、warn young people of the hardship that a successful writer has to experience
B、advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer
C、show young people it is unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth
D、encourage young people to pursue a writing career
2.What can be concluded from the passage？
A、Genuine writers often find their work interesting and rewarding.
B、A writer’s success depends on luck rather on effort.
C、Famous writers usually live in poverty and isolation.
D、The chances for writers to become successful are small.
阅读材料，回答题。
Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there’s a big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hour alone at a typewriter. "You’ve got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer. "
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20 year career in the U. S. Coast Guard to become a freelance (自由栏目) writer, I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn’t even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer.
After a year or so, however, I still hadn’t gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that I barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write, I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn’t going to be one of those people who die wondering: What if？ I would keep putting my dream to the test even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the shadow land of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.
The passage is meant to__________ 查看材料
A.warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience
B.advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer
C.show young people it’s unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fame
D.encourage young people to pursue a writing career
“Energy independence” and its rhetorical (修辞的) companion “energy security” are, however, slippery concepts that are rarely though through. What is it we want independence from, exactly？
Most people would probably say that they want to be independent from imported oil. But there are reasons that we buy all that old from elsewhere.
The first reason is that we need it to keep our economy running. Yes, there is a trickle(涓涓细流)of biofuel(生物燃料)available, and more may become available, but most biofuels cause economic waste and environmental destruction.
Second, Americans have basically decided that they don't really want to produce all their own oil. They value the environmental quality they preserve over their oil imports from abroad. Vast areas of the United States are off-limits to oil exploration and production in the name of environmental protection. To what extent are Americans really willing to endure the environmental impacts of domestic energy production in order to cut back imports？
Third, there are benefits to trade. It allows for economic efficiency, and when we buy things from places that have lower production costs than we do, we benefit. And although you don't read about this much, the United States is also a large exporter of oil products, selling about 2 million barrels of petroleum products per day to about 90 countries.
There is no question that the United States imports a great deal of energy and, in fact, relies on that steady flow to maintain its economy. When that flow is interrupted, we feel the pain in short supplies and higher prices, At the same time, we derive massive economic benefits when we buy the most affordable energy on the world market and when we engage in energy trade around the world.
61. What does the author say about energy independence for America？()
A.It sounds very attractive.
B.It ensures national security.
C.It will bring oil prices down.
D.t has long been everyone's dream.
62. What does the author think of biofuels？()
A.They keep America's economy running healthily.
B.They prove to be a good alternative to petroleum.
C.They do not provide a sustainable energy supply.
D.They cause serious damage to the environment.
63. Why does America rely heavily on oil imports？()
A.It wants to expand its storage of crude oil.
B.Its own oil reserves are quickly running out.
C.It wants to keep its own environment intact.
D.Its own oil production falls short of demand.
64. What does the author say about oil trade？()
A.It proves profitable to both sides.
B.It improves economic efficiency.
C.It makes for economic prosperity.
D.It saves the cost of oil exploration.
65. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？()
A.To justify America's dependence on oil imports.
B.To arouse Americans' awareness of the energy crisis.
C.To stress the importance of energy conservation.
D.To explain the increase of international oil trade.
Recent surveys by dozens of organizations also suggest that up to 40% of the American public is functionally illiter- ate. That is, our citizens' reading and writing abilities, if they have any, are impaired so seriously as to render them, in that handy jargon of our times, dysfunctional. The reading is taught - TV teaches people not to read. It renders them incapable of engaging in an activity that now is perceived as strenuous, because it is not a passive hypnotized state.
Passive as it is, television has invaded our culture so completely that the medium's effects are evident in every quarter, even the literary world. It shows up in supermarket paperbacks, from Stephen King (who has a certain clever skill) to pulp fiction. These really are forms of verbal TV-literature that is so superficial that those who read it can revel in the same sensations they experience when watching television:
Even more importantly, the growing influence of television, Keman says, has changed people's habits and values and affected their assumptions about the world. The sort of reflective, critical, and value laden thinking encouraged by books has been rendered obsolete. In this context, we would do well to recall the Cyclops—the race of giants that, according to Greek myth, predated man.
Quite literally, TV affects the way people think. In Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television, Jerry Mander quotes from the Emery Report, prepared by the Center for Continuing Education at the Australian National University, Canberra, that, when we watch television, "our usual processes of thinking and discernment are semi-functional at best. "The study also argues that, "while television appears to have the potential to provide useful information to viewers-and is celebrated for its educational function—the technology of television and the inherent nature of the viewing experience actually inhibit learning as we usually think of it. "
The first paragraph implies_____.
A．10 or 15 years ago people seldom wrote
B．the English grammar and rhetoric can be taught on TV
C．thousands of teachers are reluctant to admit their students' inability to write
D．TV ruins students' ability to write
Of course, visually impaired people can enjoy many films when a friend explains the parts that can only be seen.But that means that blind people cannot go to the movies independently. To solve these problems, some movie theaters have begun to offer recorded audio descriptions of the movements, scenery, and special effects that other audience members can see on the screen.Blind moviegoers receive a wireless headset to wear during the movie. This allows them to listen to the narration while still hearing a movie's music and other sounds that surround them in the theater.
Another blind movie reviewer, Jay Forry, writes movie reviews that are published on his website. He also writes for newspapers and is a guest on radio shows. Forry gives movies one of five ratings, including, "So good, blind people will like it" and "I'm glad I couldn't see it." Forry became a writer after going blind at the age of 20 and he decided to go to college. His first articles appeared in the college newspaper, and Forry's writing skills and sense of humor are what keep people reading his reviews or listening to them on the radio.After "watching" The Sixth Sense, Forry commented that he thought the movie was excellent, but that he envied the boy who was the main character: "He had six senses, and I only have four."
1、What is the best title for the passage？ ______
A、Movies for the Visually Impaired People
B、Filmmakers Who Makes Films Interesting
C、Movies that are Rated from One to Ten
D、The Story of Jay Forry, a Blind Writer
2、"Visually impaired people" refers to those who _____.
A、are completely deaf
B、can't see anything
C、cripples when walking
D、don't trust in others
3、According to Marty Klein, a movie ____is most suitable for visually impaired people.
A、receiving the lowest rating
B、filled with many characters
C、without too many dialogues
D、being not too complicated
4、What do theaters do concerning with visually impaired people？ ______
A、They assign staff to explain some parts of the movie
B、They arrange movies especially for these people
C、They offer recorded audio description of the movie
D、They persuade these people not to go to the theater
5、We can infer from the last paragraph that Jay Forry_____.
A、is very upset about his misfortune
B、is good at writing reviews of films
C、became a writer before he's blind
D、doesn't like the film the Sixth Sense
